Effect of vitamin B2, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and folic acid in adults with essential hypertension: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the current study is to compare the treatment effects of different vitamins on essential hypertension to provide an initial basis for developing evidence-based practices. DESIGN: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Five electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and ClinicalTrials.gov) were searched from their inception to 25 September 2023. OUTCOMES: The primary outcomes were the difference between the intervention group and the control group in changes in office systolic blood pressure (SBP) and office diastolic blood pressure (DBP) from baseline. The secondary outcomes were the difference between the intervention group and the control group in changes in 24-hour mean ambulatory systolic blood pressure (24 hours SBP), 24-hour mean ambulatory diastolic blood pressure (24 hours DBP) and heart rate (HR) from baseline. RESULTS: A total of 23 studies comparing five vitamins (vitamin B2, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, folic acid) and involving 2218 participants were included. The included trials were all vitamin versus placebo, so the network was star-shaped. Among the five vitamins, only vitamin E was significantly more effective at reducing SBP (mean difference: -14.14 mm Hg, 95% credible intervals: -27.62 to -0.88) than placebo. In addition, no evidence was found that any of the five vitamins influenced DBP, 24 hours SBP, 24 hours DBP, or HR. The dose of vitamins, geographical region and percentage of males (only SBP) might be sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity and subgroup analysis revealed that the effect of vitamin intervention on blood pressure varies according to different doses of vitamins. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, vitamin E might be an effective measure to reduce SBP, but more research is needed to validate this finding. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022352332.

The Critical Effect of Bile Acids in Atherosclerosis.

ABSTRACT: Atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases and is the leading cause of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Bile acids are not only the products of cholesterol metabolism, but also an important class of signaling molecules. Bile acids exert their biological effects through the bile acid receptor signaling pathways. Bile acid receptors are widely distributed in human organs and tissues. The activation of transcriptional and signaling cascades controls bile acid metabolism and synthesis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, immune cell expression, and inflammatory responses. A large body of evidence indicates that bile acids play an important role in the initiation and development of AS, and are strongly associated with AS risk factors. The major bile acid receptors, nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (liver) and membrane receptor G protein-coupled receptor 5, exhibit anti-atherosclerotic effects. Other nuclear receptors exert different anti-atherosclerotic or pro-atherosclerotic effects. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the effects of bile acids and their receptors in AS and explore the pathway of bile acids involved in atherosclerotic lesions. The main research based on animal models or cell/tissue culture experiments is also discussed. This review provides new ideas for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for AS prevention and treatment.